Sunday, January 26, 2014

MKSAP 16 Review

You may have already come across Knowmedge’s coverage of several other ABIM Internal Medicine Board Review books. Today, we explore the “big daddy of them all”—the Medical Knowledge Self-Assessment Program (MKSAP), created by the venerable American College of Physicians (ACP). Ask any Internal Medicine resident—1st, 2nd, or 3rd year—how they plan on studying for the Internal Medicine board exam, and their response will surely include “MKSAP.” Furthermore, residency chiefs have developed a tendency of using MKSAP questions for board review at morning report, noon conference or even afternoon educational sessions. There is a reason for its vast utility: MKSAP is truly an authoritative guide to reviewing the curriculum covered in the ABIM Internal Medicine Board Review Blueprint.

In its 16th iteration, the MKSAP content has been refreshed as well as the user interface on the app/desktop versions creating a better learning experience.

Let’s begin with the many plusses of MKSAP 16:
  • First and foremost, with dozens of contributors in each of the major internal medicine sub-specialties, the medical content in the text and 1,200 questions is well-researched with bibliographic citations.
  • Lots of tables and figures help break up the text which can otherwise be cumbersome to stay engaged while reading. Later in your studying, revisiting these tables is a good approach.
  • One of my favorite features is the High-Value Care Recommendations that opens each book. Here’s why: the folks behind the ABIM, like the healthcare policy makers, are concerned about the overuse/inappropriate use of tests in the diagnostic work-up of commonly encountered symptoms. Thus, these points which emphasize unnecessary tests/treatments may be commonly tested on the actual exam. Furthermore, I’ve referred back to this section during patient care to determine if a test is actually necessary or extraneous before initiating treatment.
  • Dermatology contains vivid photos of the skin lesions commonly encountered on the exam. However, it would be nice if they had had a separate section with just images so you can quiz yourself near the end of your exam preparation.
  • Same goes for EKGs on the cardiology section and chest xrays on the pulmonary sections.
  • A Key Points highlighted box contains high-yield nuggets that help summarize major topics
  • Each subject area is a separate book (in the print version) or a separate heading in the digital version making it very easy to handle physically. I recall using MKSAP 15 on my specialty rotations. I’d carry the appropriate book around but they wouldn’t unfortunately fit in my white coat pocket. The MKSAP online version solves this problem as many residents have found.
  Now for some areas that could be improved in MKSAP 16:
  • While the figures and photos do break up the monotony of the text portions, the question explanations are still too long. I can understand the need to have lengthy text in the syllabus (MKSAP 16 is a powerful clinical tool and a nice reference to have when reviewing a patient’s diagnosis), for questions, it’s not high-yield and efficient to have to read 4 or 5 paragraphs after each question. In fact, this was the reason Knowmedge was created. We felt that in the 21st century, the Internet allows better methods to facilitate knowledge retention such as audio-visual explanations.
  • An H icon highlights topics that address “the learning needs of the increasing number of physicians who work in the hospital setting.” Since this feature is mentioned in the letter from Dr. Patrick Alguire (Editor-in-Chief ) at the beginning of each book, I initially thought it was beneficial. But then it occurred to me that for someone not studying for the Hospital Medicine Maintenance of Certification,  it’s not entirely clear what to do with the icon. Surely, I don’t just skip over the blue text sections like porphyria cutanea tarda diagnosis and constipation management, which are just as likely to be on either exam. Instead, it ended up just being a distraction.
  • A final minor point (literally): the index on the print version of MKSAP is in the smallest type I have ever come across. It must be 8 point or less. I don’t have any near vision problems and I felt tempted to reach for a magnifying glass.
  • MKSAP Online: The digital version is much improved from the previous iterations such as MKSAP 15. While it now allows better analytics of your question responses, its interface is not as user friendly as one would hope. For instance, unlike most websites/ apps the menu toolbar appears on the upper right side of the screen rather than the left side. On the app, overlays should have been utilized for Normal Lab Values and Bibliography and Key Points rather than forcing the user to leave the current topic.
While there are areas of improvement that could be made, overall, the MKSAP 16 Books are a valuable and authoritative source for Internal Medicine Board Review.

Wednesday, January 15, 2014

Internal Medicine Board Review: Oncology

Oncology is an essential part of the Internal Medicine Medical Clerkship and ABIM Board exam. According to the ABIM exam blueprint, questions testing Oncology topics comprise ~7% of the exam. Initially, oncology seems like a very difficult subject given how the treatment regimens of the many types of carcinomas are ever-changing. However, realize that Internal Medicine exams are focused on the basics of the different malignancies. These 8 pearls will get you off to a good start for identifying
1. Which cancers correspond to lytic bone lesions? Blastic? Lytic or Blastic?
    • Lytic bone lesions
      • Melanoma
      • Multiple Myeloma
      • Renal cell cancer
      • Thyroid cancer
    • Blastic bone lesions
      • Prostate cancer
    • Lytic or blastic lesion
      • Lung cancer
      • Breast cancer
Bone Lesions
Click on image to enlarge
 2. Which paraneoplastic syndrome goes with which cancer?USMLE Step 1 Exam Practice Question - Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Click on image to enlarge
 3. Know these high-yield Breast Cancer facts for the ABIM and IM shelf exams
  • If the lesion is >1cm OR the patient has lymph node involvement → chemotherapy will be part of the treatment protocol.
  • If sentinel node biopsy is negative → no further lymph node biopsy is required
  • If the patient’s breast cancer is ER/PR (+) and patient is pre-menopausal →Tamoxifen is given X 5 years
  • If the patient’s breast cancer is ER/PR (+) and is post-menopausal → Aromatase inhibitors (eg. Anastrozole) is given
  • If the patient’s breast cancer is HER2/neu (+)→ Trastuzumab is given →can cause CHF →check echocardiogram to assess left ventricular function
  • Triple negative breast cancer (ER negative, PR negative, HER2/neu negative) have the worst prognosis
4. Don’t let chromosomal translocations overwhelm you
  • t (14,18) → Follicular Lymphoma
  • t (8,14) → Burkitt’s Lymphoma
  • t (9,22) → Known as Philadelphia Chromosome (BCR-ABL) gene fusion → good prognosis in CML patients and bad prognosis in ALL patients
  • t (15,17) → Acute promyelogenous Leukemia (M3) → good prognosis → Treatment is with All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA)
  • t (11,14) →Mantle cell Lymphoma → highly aggressive form of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma → cyclin D1 oncogene is overexpressed → treat with R-CHOP
5. Testicular cancer is broken down into seminomas and non-seminomas
  • Seminomas are Radiation sensitive and usually have a normal AFP and HCG level
  • Non-Seminomas (eg, yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma) are radiation resistant and usually have elevated AFP and HCG level
  ABIM Board Exam Maintenance of Certification Review - Testicular Cancer
 Click on image to enlarge
6. High-yield facts about Colon Cancer for the ABIM and IM Shelf Exam
  • If cancer invades mucosa or sub-mucosa → colon resection is required
  • If cancer invades muscularis propria, serosa, or has LN involvement →colon resection is required +chemotherapy (usually FOLFOX) +/- Irinotecan. FOLFOX is 5 flurouracil, Oxaliplatin, and Leucovorin
  • Most common area of metastasis for colon cancer is the liver
  • If solitary liver lesion →resection of liver can be performed
  • If multiple liver lesions → poor prognosis and survival rate is low
7. Must know Oncological Emergencies a.) Superior Vena Cava Syndrome → caused by obstruction to the superior vena cava leading to:
  • Neck and facial swelling
  • Dyspnea
  • Cough
  • Physical examination will show distended jugular veins
  • Chest x-ray may reveal mediastinal widening or right hilar mas
  • Most common cause is lung cancer (particularly small cell lung cancer). Malignant lymphoma is also a well-known cause of superior vena cava syndrome
  • Management obviously requires treatment of the underlying malignancy but symptomatic measures such as diuretics and elevation of the bed usually suffice
b.) Spinal cord compression
  • Most common cancers that cause spinal cord compression are: Lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma
  • Back pain is the most commonly presenting symptom. Other concerning symptoms include muscle weakness, numbness/tingling, cauda equina syndrome, and loss of bowel or bladder control
  • Diagnosis is required promptly to prevent further neurological deterioration and an MRI OF THE ENTIRE SPINE IS REQUIRED FOR DIAGNOSIS
  • Management for spinal cord compression is with Dexamethasone 10 mg IV X 1 dose, followed by Dexamethasone 4 mg IV every 6 hours.
  • Radiation therapy can help in shrinking the tumor; however, recent studies indicate that surgical decompression is superior to RT. Therefore, an immediate neurosurgical consultation is required when this condition is suspected or diagnosed.
c.) Tumor lysis Syndrome
  • Intracellular contents leak out into the bloodstream.
  • Although this condition can occur with any malignancy, it is more common in aggressive lymphomas and hematological malignancies.
  • Hyperkalemia, Hyperuricemia, Hyperphosphatemia, Acute renal failure, and hypocalcemia are often seen in patients with tumor lysis syndrome
  • Management of tumor lysis syndrome requires electrolyte abnormality correction, aggressive hydration, and allopurinol
Once again, the folks who write the Internal Medicine licensing exams don’t expect you to have the depth of knowledge regarding the plethora of cancer diagnoses that an oncologist possesses. However, topics such as the ones mentioned in the pearls above should assist you with the oncology section of the med school clerkship shelf and ABIM board exams.

Medical Mnemonics: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus




Medical Mnemonic: “Wacky, Wobbly, Wet”

Patients who present with the triad of urinary incontinence, wide-based gait and dementia are likely to have normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Symptoms for these patients are often remembered by the mnemonic “wacky, wobbly, and wet.”
  • Wacky: Dementia and mental impairment
  • Wobbly: Wide based gait (Difficulty walking)
  • Wet: Urinary Incontinence

NPH is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has slowly built up in the ventricles. Patients with NPH are generally older (over the age of 60). CT or MRI of the brain would reveal dilated ventricles without dilatation of sulci.

This is the first in our series of Medical Mnemonics Monday posts. You can all previous and future medical mnemonics here.

Monday, January 6, 2014

Medical Mnemonics: Rheumatic Fever - Major and Minor Criteria


Medical Mnemonic: Rheumatic Fever – Jones Cafe Pal
Rheumatic fever occurs after a streptococcal infection (usually caused by Group A Beta-Hemolytic Strep (GABHS)). It is an inflammatory condition that affects the joints, skin, heart and brain. Major criteria are referred to as Jones criteria and can be remembered by the mnemonic of the same name.
  • J – Joint involvement which is usually migratory and inflammatory joint involvement that starts in the lower joints and ascends to upper joints
  • O – (“O” Looks like heart shape) – indicating that patients can develop myocarditis or inflammation of the heart
  • N – Nodules that are subcutaneous
  • E – Erythema marginatum which is a rash of ring-like lesions that can start in the trunk or arms. When joined with other rings, it can create a snake-like appearance
  • S – Sydenham chorea is a late feature which is characterized by jerky, uncontrollable, and purposeless movements resembling twitches

Minor criteria include
  • C – CRP Increased
  • A – Arthralgia
  • F – Fever
  • E – Elevated ESR
  • P – Prolonged PR Interval
  • A – Anamesis
  • L – Leukocytosis
Diagnosis of rheumatic fever is made after a strep infection (indicated by either throat cultures growing GABHS OR elevated anti-streptolysin O titers in the blood) and:
  • Two major criteria OR
  • One major criterion and two minor criteria
Mnemonics by themselves are not the answer to remembering everything. However, if you know the basics and underlying issues, then a mnemonic can serve to help you recall the exam details that can easily get lost.
This is the first in our series of Medical Mnemonics Monday posts. You can see all futuremedical mnemonics here.